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The landscape architecture (art) is the art of creation
of gardens, parks, public gardens, boulevards and other
planted trees and shrubs areas. Specific features of the
landscape architecture (art) is the utilisation for organization
of space of living vegetable material, continuously changing the
look, and in an association of the elements of nature and an artistic
creation in a single unit. Practice of green building includes besides
the creation of the planted trees and shrubs areas the selection of plants
for different climatic and soil terms, planting of plants and care of them,
putting and grouping the plants in combination with architectural buildings,
reservoirs, roads, grounds, sculptures. A varied compositional methods can be
reduced to 2 basic methods: to regular (to geometrical) and landscape
(to picturesque, imitating a natural landscape).
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| Sofievka. English park. Roses Avenue |
A landscape architecture (art)
was sprung up in the epoch of slave-owning society, when the special value was
given to parks near the cult buildings, palaces, farmsteads of gentlefolks et cetera.
Planning of gardens in Ancient Egypt differed a strict regularity: the main building
was disposed in a center, a direct alley connected it with an entrance of a plot and
was a basic compositional of axis, dividing the territory of the garden into 2 equal
parts, the rectangular reservoirs took a place in each of them. In the states of Ancient
Dvurech'ya there were large preserves, and also gardens, laid out on terraces, connected
with stairs (so-called the hanging gardens of Semiramida are in Babylon,
the VII-th century B.C.). In Ancient Greece the symmetric planted trees surrounded
the temples not rarely, and sometimes the centers of the city. Regular gardens,
decorated with colonnades and the sculptures were intended for sports contests
in memory of the lost heroes. They were widespread in the V-th century B.C.
In the landscape architecture (art) of Old Rome the artificial reservoirs, fountains,
pollards and bushes took an important place. The trellis fences and arbours-pergolas
were of favorite small forms. In the Middle Ages the regular gardens of the Arabic
countries, Iran, Middle Asia were surrounded by high walls. Narrow channels divided
the territories in plots, where contrasting in color plants were planted on the
rectangular or square lawns. The principles of the landscape composition were
dominated in the countries of Far East (China, Japan, Korea). The idea of the
eternal renewal of nature in the Japanese gardens was emphasized by the whimsical
outlines of reservoirs and paths and by the character of small architectural
forms, indissolubly related to the natural environment. Water and stones, sand
and moss, bright floral accents, miniature compositions of midget trees are
inalienable components of the Japanese gardens. In medieval Europe they cultivated
vegetables, medicinal plants, fruit-trees and berry bushes in the gardens;
here and there they planted the flower-beds on the lawns. The development
of the landscape architecture (art) in the European countries began in
the age of the Renaissance. The methods of laying out of the regular
garden (Italian architects Dzh. Vin'ola, P. L. Ligorio), in which the
compositional correlations were laid in the architecture of the main building,
were developed. These gardens showed the system of replaced each other effectual
views (or perspectives). They were placed on the terraces with retaining walls,
monumental stairs, abundant sculptural decorations and cascades. Rationalistic
principles, dominating in the art of absolutist France of the XVII-th century,
were incarnated in the strictly geometrical plan of regular parks, created by A. Lenotre
(a park is in Versailles).
In the middle of the XVIII-th century there were freely planed
the landscape ("English") parks in Europe. The parks abounded with the "Romantic"
ruins, and in the buildings imitated the rural dwelling. In the middle of the
XIX-th century the numerous public parks were created in the European countries
and in the USA. In the XX-th century new types of the landscape architecture (art)
(sport parks, luna-parks, parks-exhibitions, parks along motorways - "linear",
historical parks, gardens on roofs (rooves), covered gardens with an artificial microclimate).
The park "Sofievka" is a masterpiece of the world landscape architecture (art)
of the end of the XVIII-th and the beginning of the XIX-th centuries.
It was created in the style of the English landscape parks with waterfalls,
fountains, brooks, stone gardens, and unique vegetation. You can see flowers,
greenery, fantastical and beautiful landscapes everywhere.
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